@article{janiga_large_2014,
	title = {Large eddy simulation of the {FDA} benchmark nozzle for a {Reynolds} number of 6500},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0010-4825},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010482514000067?showall=true},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.01.004},
	abstract = {This work investigates the flow in a benchmark nozzle model of an idealized medical device proposed by the FDA using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It was in particular shown that a proper modeling of the transitional flow features is particularly challenging, leading to large discrepancies and inaccurate predictions from the different research groups using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling. In spite of the relatively simple, axisymmetric computational geometry, the resulting turbulent flow is fairly complex and non-axisymmetric, in particular due to the sudden expansion. The resulting flow cannot be well predicted with simple modeling approaches. Due to the varying diameters and flow velocities encountered in the nozzle, different typical flow regions and regimes can be distinguished, from laminar to transitional and to weakly turbulent. The purpose of the present work is to re-examine the FDA-CFD benchmark nozzle model at a Reynolds number of 6500 using large eddy simulation (LES). The LES results are compared with published experimental data obtained by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and an excellent agreement can be observed considering the temporally averaged flow velocities. Different flow regimes are characterized by computing the temporal energy spectra at different locations along the main axis.},
	journal = {Computers in biology and medicine},
	author = {Janiga, Gabor},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Benchmark, CFD, Energy spectra, FDA, Large eddy simulation, Validation},
	pages = {113--119}
}